Trends Identified
Trends in income inequality
Evidence shows that income inequality globally has been falling over recent decades. This decline in global inequality has been attributed to a convergence of income between countries that was mainly spurred by the rapid growth and rising incomes in populous developing countries such as China and India, as well as good economic performance in Latin America and Africa in the past 15 years.
2017
Global trends
UNDP
Other dimensions of inequalities
Although overall gender gaps in education, employment and political representation have narrowed globally, women continue to face disadvantages in access to work, economic assets and participation in private and public decision-making.
2017
Global trends
UNDP
Political inequalities
Rising inequalities, both vertical and horizontal, have fuelled discontent in many countries, leading to an upsurge in large-scale protests and social movements around the world in recent years, including in the Arab region. These protests have taken place in a broader context of democratization that has accelerated over the past three decades in many parts of the world and has been accompanied by people’s enhanced ability to voice opinions with greater possibilities for accountability at regional, national and local levels.
2017
Global trends
UNDP
Trends in population growth
Compared with the recent past, the world population growth rate has slowed down. While 10 years ago the global population was growing by 1.24 percent per year, today it is growing by 1.18 percent per year, or approximately an additional 83 million people annually (Ibid.). With this population growth rate, the world population is projected to increase by more than 1 billion people within the next 15 years, reaching 8.5 billion in 2030.
2017
Global trends
UNDP
Trends in ageing
As fertility declines and life expectancy rises, the proportion of the population aged 60 or over increases. In 2015, there were 901 million people aged 60 or over, comprising 12 percent of the global population. While the Asia-Pacific region has the world’s largest number of people aged 60 or over (7 percent, or 508 million), Europe has the largest percentage of its population of this age (24 percent, or 177 million). In the coming years, rapid ageing will occur in many parts of the world, with older persons expected to account for more than 25 percent of the population in Europe and Northern America, 20 percent in Oceania and 17 percent in Asia and in Latin America and the Caribbean, as opposed to only 6 percent in Africa by 2030.
2017
Global trends
UNDP
Trends in migration
The world is living in an era of unprecedented human mobility, in which international migration has reached record levels. The 2030 Agenda sees international migration as a multidimensional reality that is of major relevance for the development of countries of origin, transit and destination, and recognizes the positive contribution of migrants for inclusive growth and sustainable development. While today it has become easier, faster and more affordable for people to move, factors such as poverty, inequality, lack of decent jobs, conflicts and natural hazards compel people to leave their homes in search of better lives for themselves and their families.
2017
Global trends
UNDP
Trends in urbanization
Along with international migration, internal migration is also growing, driving much of the rise of megacities17 and the rapid increase in urbanization (Figure 12). The number of megacities, for instance, nearly tripled to 28 today from 10 in 1990; they have 453 million inhabitants, accounting for 12 percent of the world’s urban dwellers (IOM 2015). While large cities are in certain ways the leading edge of urbanization due to their economic importance, the fastest growing urban centres are in fact small and medium cities with fewer than 1 million inhabitants, which account for 59 percent of the world’s urban population (UN-Habitat 2016). Due to demographic shifts, slow and uneven economic growth within and among nations, and environmental degradation, increased large-scale migration to urban centres is expected to continue (IOM 2015).
2017
Global trends
UNDP
Environmental Degradation and Climate Change
It is now widely recognized that the causes of environmental degradation and climate change—and their potential solutions—are essentially linked to human activity (IPCC 2015). The impact of human activity on the environment and the climate is one of the megatrends that will shape future trajectories of—and can potentially undermine— progress on sustainable development, including on eradicating poverty and reducing inequalities.
2017
Global trends
UNDP
Economic and trade downturn
The effects of the 2008 financial crisis, for instance, spread to developing countries, primarily through declines in trade and commodity prices and reduced access to credit, as lower demand in developed countries damaged export revenues and slowed economic growth in developing countries (UN DESA 2011). While developing countries overall managed to absorb the shock of the 2008 crisis, their responses increased fiscal deficits and deteriorated current-account balances. As these indicators have not reverted to their pre-crisis levels in many developing countries, there will be limited capacity in future to absorb another major economic shock (UN MDG Gap Task Force 2015).
2017
Global trends
UNDP
Unemployment
The global unemployment rate during the MDG period fell from 6.5 percent in 2000 to 5.5 percent in 2007 but increased to 6.2 percent in 2009 due to the downturn of economic activity during the 2008 financial crisis. Since then, however, the unemployment rate worldwide has been declining steadily, reaching 5.8 percent in 2016, and is projected to fall further in the coming years
2017
Global trends
UNDP